Tribute to Author
Chapter 1 The Impact of Plant Economics on the Design of Industrial Energy System
Chapter 2 Managing Energy Resources from within the Corporate Information Technology System
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Historical perspective
2.2 Open System Architecture—Local Area Network (LAN)
2.3 Open System Architecture—Local and Wide Area Networks (LAN/WAN)
2.4 Connectivity Building Blocks for an Open System Architecture
2.4.1 WAVE Server (Web Access View Enabler)
2.4.2 ODBC Server for Open Data Base Connectivity
2.4.3 OPC—OLE for Process Control—Server
2.4.4 NetDDE Server (Network Dynamic Data Exchange)
2.4.5 EDB Historian
2.5 Summary
Chapter 3 Fundamental Characteristics of Energy Conversion Equipment
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Fossil-fuel Fired Boilers
3.1.1 The Calculation of Combustion Efficiency
3.1.2 Estimating the Flow of Fuel when its Flow is not Directly Measured
3.1.3 Incremental Cost
3.2 Steam Pressure Reducing Valves
3.2.1 Adiabatic Expansion
3.2.2 Isothermal Expansion
3.3 Steam Desuperheaters
3.3.1 Desuperheated Steam Temperature Setpoints
3.4 Steam Turbogenerators
3.4.1 Simple Turbogenerators
3.4.2 Backpressure or Topping Turbogenerators
3.4.3 Turbogenerators Controlled from Surplus Steam
3.4.4 Extraction/Condensing Steam Turbogenerators
3.5 Steam Surface Condensers
3.6 Cooling Towers
3.6.1 Cooling Tower Heat Transfer Theory
3.6.2 Cooling Tower Characteristic Curve
3.6.3 Predicting Cooling Tower Performance
3.6.4 Air Property Algorithms
Chapter 4 Optimization Strategies
4.1 Linear Programming Applications
4.2 Simplex Self-Directing Evolutionary Operation (SSDEVOP) Optimizing Technique
4.3 Steepest Ascent Methods
4.4 Equal Incremental Cost Techniques
4.5 Optimal Trajectories
4.6 The Kalman Filter as a Process Modeling Tool
Chapter 5 Applications and Case Study
5.1 Linear Programming Applications
5.1.1 Plant with Only One Steam Turbogenerator
5.1.2 Paper Mill with Two Steam Turbogenerators
5.1.3 Plant with One Condensing and One Backpressure Turbogenerator
5.1.4 Optimal Utilization of Waste Heat Steam
5.2 SSDEVOP Applications
5.2.1 SSDEVOP Solution of Linear Problem
5.2.2 SSDEVOP Solution of Non-linear (Boiler) Problem
5.2.3 Optimization of VARS within a Small Refinery Distribution System
5.3 Equal Incremental Cost Applications
5.3.1 Optimizing of a Range of Boilers
5.3.2 Hydroelectric Turbogenerators
5.3.3 In-plant Dispatching of Steam Turbogenerators
5.3.4 Optimal Load Trajectories
5.4 Combined Cycle Optimization
5.5 Condenser/Cooling Tower Subsystem Optimization
Chapter 6 Controlling the Steam Turbogenerator for Watts, VARS, Volts and Frequency
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Turboalternators
6.3 Starting Up a Generator
6.4 Synchronizing Process and Connection to Local Utility
6.5 Single Steam Turbogenerator with No Tie-Line
6.6 Single Generator in Parallel with Tie-line Connected
6.7 Machines Operating in Parallel with No Tie-Line
6.8 Machines Operating in Parallel with Tie-Line Connected
6.9 Conclusion
Chapter 7 The Importance of Process Heat Exchangers in Industrial Energy Systems
7.1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
7.1.1 Fundamental Thermodynamic Relationships—Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
7.2 Heat Exchangers in the Alumina Extraction Process
7.3 Modern Heat Exchanger Maintenance Procedures
Chapter 8 Demand Side Management and Electrical Load Shedding
8.1 Demand Control and Electrical Load Shedding—Fixed Windows
8.2 Demand Control and Electrical Load Shedding—Sliding Windows
8.3 Load Shedding in Response to Plant Contingencies
Chapter 9 Future Trends
9.1 Real Time Electric Power Pricing
9.2 Neural Networks
Appendix
A.1 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
A.2 Numerical Analysis
A.3 The Newton-Raphson Technique Used in Equipment Performance Models
A.4 Linear Programs
A.5 Using MicroSoft EXCEL TM as “Solver” Feature for Linear Programming Problems
References
Index
